There are three kinds of kerosene lamps: lamp with a flat wick, lamp that uses central draught and has tubular wick, and mantle lamp.
Standard flat wick lamp has a flat wick made of cotton with has one side submerged in a kerosene container and a glass chimney on it for protection.
It is designed in the way that it is fed cold air from bellow while hot air exits above. Central draught kerosene lamp works the same way as flat wick lamp but it has tubular wick which gives more light and it has bigger glass chimney that gives more draft which lamp needs to burn properly.
Mantle lamp is a variant of central draught lamp which has a mantle - a net made of fabric with thorium or other rare-earth salts. Mantle stand above the flame and heats up which generates brighter light. Dead flame lamp is a variant of standard flat wick lamp that is not intended to be portable. Over tens of millions of years, this organic residue was converted to petroleum by a pair of complex chemical processes known as diagenesis and catagensis.
The combination of these complex reactions creates the hydrocarbon mixture known as petroleum. To separate some of the heavier fractions of oil, distillations columns must be operated at approximately one tenth of atmospheric pressure 75 mm Hg. These vacuum columns are structured to be very wide and short to help control pressure fluctuations. They can be over 40 ft 12 m in diameter. The Udex extraction process became popular in the United States during the s.
It uses a class of chemicals known as glycols as solvents. Both diethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol are used because they have a high affinity for aromatic compounds.
The Sulfolane process was created by the Shell company in and is still used in many extraction units 40 years later. The solvent used in this process is called sulfolane, and it is a strong polar compound that is more efficient than the glycol systems used in the Udex process. It has a greater heat capacity and greater chemical stability.
This process uses a piece of equipment known as a rotating disk contractor to help purify the kerosene. The Lurgi Arosolvan Process uses N-methylpyrrolidinone mixed with water or glycol which increases of selectivity of the solvent for contaminants. This process involves a multiple stage extracting towers up to 20 ft 6 m in diameter and ft 35 m high. The dimethyl sulfoxide process involves two separate extraction steps that increase the selectivity of the solvent for the aromatic contaminants.
This allows extraction of these contaminants at lower temperatures. In addition, chemicals used in this process are non-toxic and relatively inexpensive.
It uses a specialized column, known as a Kuhni column, that is up to 10 ft 3 m in diameter. The Union Carbide process uses the solvent tetraethylene glycol and adds a second extraction step. It is somewhat more cumbersome than other glycol processes. The Formex process uses N-formyl morpholine and a small percentage of water as the solvent and is flexible enough to extract aromatics from a variety of hydrocarbon materials.
The Redox process Recycle Extract Dual Extraction is used for kerosene destined for use in diesel fuel. It improves the octane number of fuels by selectively removing aromatic contaminants. The low aromatic kerosene produced by these process is in high demand for aviation fuel and other military uses. The distillation and extraction processes are not completely efficient and some processing steps may have to be repeated to maximize the kerosene production.
For example, some of the unconverted hydrocarbons may by separated by further distillation and recycled for another pass into the converter. By recycling the petroleum waste through the reaction sequence several times, the quality of kerosene production can be optimized. Some portion of the remaining petroleum fractions that can not be converted to kerosene may be used in other applications such as lubricating oil.
In addition, some of the contaminants extracted during the purification process can be used commercially. These include certain aromatic compounds such as paraffin. The future of kerosene depends on the discovery of new applications as well as the development of new methods of production. Gesner continued to research fuels late into his life, writing a number of scientific studies about the industry.
He was eventually given the job as professor of natural history in at Dalhousie University in Halifax. He died shortly after in April of The Discovery of Kerosene.
Apr 19, Household Technology. By: Dom Campagna. Champlain and St. Late Life Gesner continued to research fuels late into his life, writing a number of scientific studies about the industry. Innovation Storybook. Author s. Dom Campagna. More Stories by.
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