They were doing experiments aimed at understanding the action of immune cells in the skin of mice. They created genetically engineered mice whose macrophages could be killed easily, and were monitoring how and when they were replaced by new macrophages.
Researchers have known that immune system cells are involved in helping the body take up tattoos. But it was assumed that the ink was staining skin cells called fibroblasts, which make up the connective tissue, and that the ink was continually replaced by macrophages. Instead, the French team found that macrophages took up the ink, released it when they died, and that fresh macrophages then gobbled it.
They found no colored fibroblasts. The name comes from the Greek for "big eater. See Subscription Options. Go Paperless with Digital. The public information office of the Dermatology Associates of Atlanta provides this brief reply: "The answer is really quite simple. Get smart. Sign Up. Support science journalism.
Knowledge awaits. See Subscription Options Already a subscriber? Create Account See Subscription Options. Deep to the epidermis is the dermis, a tough fibroelastic layer. This layer does not shed to the surface like the epidermis.
While its cells may regenerate, and it has a blood supply network that can move substance to and fro, stable insoluble material placed tattooed into this layer does not have any means of escape. Graeme Nelson, Eden. The tattoo goes down to the dermis, whilst it is the epidermis, or top layer, that regenerates. Either that or the tattoo is "degenerate".
Sandy Parkinson, Hilton WA. The phrase originates in Cold War deliberations concerning the funding of new weapons. The US Air Force claimed ballistic missiles could do more damage to an enemy for a given expenditure than an aircraft carrier could. Thus, missiles gave more bang for your buck than ships. David Buley, Seaforth. The phrase originated in Palmer Street, East Sydney, soon after the introduction of decimal currency in February Warwick Genner, Ashfield.
Many place names, possibly all, contain sounds and sound combinations that are unpronounceable or just not allowed in other languages. Sydney is a good example. The D-N combination is particularly difficult to articulate, which is why Juan Antonio Samaranch, back in , famously proclaimed that the Olympics be held in "Syd-er-nee".
Aidan Wilson, Mosman. Names are sometimes Anglicised for ease of pronunciation or, in the case of India, because of the British influence. For example, Thiruvananthapuram became Trivandrum. But in recent times, many names have reverted, as with Bombay to Mumbai. John Mamutil, Baulkham Hills. Aw come off it! We left Paris, London and Madrid as they were.
Anyway, have you tried to type Moscow or Athens in the original language? The symbols are too hard to find on my computer. This is mainly an English trait because the English-speaking peoples are the most linguistically arrogant people in the world.
Bill Noble, Winston Hills. Tribal arrogance and imperialism. It goes back to the Greeks. Ours is real language, innit? We are comfortable with what we know. The British and especially the English - whose cultural heirs until recently we are - and being also isolated islanders, seem to have an ingrained imperial snobbery that pronouncing foreign names is beneath their dignity - Thiravunanthapuram becomes Trivandrum; Buenos Eyries, Buenos Air-ees, and Nganbirra, Canberra.
An approximation will do; the natives just will have to lump it. Then, for Australians to bang on about "Lizhboa", "Veen" or "Varsharva" comes across as putting on the dog, and deserving having the Mickey taken.
0コメント