Stanley Wittingham, who once laid the scientific foundations for the batteries used today. At the same time, the number of electric cars can be expected to rise sharply — in the interests of climate protection. The Volkswagen Group alone plans to put some 26 million pure electric vehicles on the road by However, this is unlikely to make itself felt until , when used batteries will be returned in large quantities.
The Volkswagen Group is on its way to becoming a climate-neutral company. Many of the , employees are doing their own bit for sustainable management and to fight global warming.
We introduce five people who work on protecting the climate on a daily basis. The road to electrification requires industrial transformation at all levels. For this to happen, innovation is key. When changing the environment or the sensor technology, neural networks in vehicles today have to be trained again and again from scratch. For Volkswagen, a circular economy is gaining in importance on the road to becoming a climate-neutral company.
Together with partners from the worlds of business and science, the Group is accelerating the recycling of plastics used in cars. Take a look at some examples where this is already succeeding.
To kick off the event, the Volkswagen Group is demonstrating how autonomous driving can improve safety and reduce traffic congestion in city centres. If you would like to share contents in social networks, you can activate the corresponding functions here. By activating, you give your consent to the transmission of data to the operators of the social networks. Upon activation, an initial transmission of data to third parties immediately occurs. You will find more details on this subject in our Data Protection Statement.
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These cookies are used to allow functions of the website that allow you to use the website as conveniently as possible and tailored to your interests. Glossary Common oxidation states The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. Oxidation states and isotopes. Glossary Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. Relative supply risk An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk.
Recycling rate The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. Substitutability The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators.
Supply risk. Relative supply risk 6. Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance.
Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Pressure and temperature data — advanced. Listen to Lithium Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Hello, this week to the element that tops group one and gives us lighter aircraft and armoured plating. It also keeps grease running at arctic temperatures, powers pacemakers and lies at the heart of the hydrogen bomb.
Lithium is rare in the Universe, although it was one of the three elements, along with hydrogen and helium, to be created in the Big Bang. The element was discovered on Earth in by Johan August Arfvedson in Stockholm when he investigated petalite, one of the first lithium minerals to be discovered.
It was observed to give an intense crimson flame when sprinkled on to a fire. He deduced that petalite contained an unknown metal, which he called lithium from the Greek word for a stone, lithos , although he never actually produced any. He reasoned that it was a new alkali metal and lighter than sodium.
However, unlike sodium, which Humphry Davy had isolated in by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide, Arfvedson was unable to produced lithium by the same method. A sample of lithium metal was finally extracted in and then by the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.
Once lithium's discovery had been announced others soon found it to be present in all kinds of things such as grapes, seaweed, tobacco, vegetables, milk and blood. Another lithium ore is spodumene, which like petalite is a lithium aluminium silicate, and there is a large deposit of this ore in South Dakota.
World production of lithium compounds is around 40 tonnes a year and reserves are estimated to be around 7 million tonnes. Industrial production of the metal itself is reported to be about tonnes a year, and this is produced by the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride and potassium chloride in steel cells at temperatures of o C.
Lithium is moderately toxic as discovered in the s when patients were given lithium chloride as a salt substitute. However, in small doses it is prescribed as a treatment for manic depression now called bipolar disorder. Its calming effect on the brain was first noted in , by an Australian doctor, John Cade, of the Victoria Department of Mental Hygiene.
He had injected guinea pigs with a 0. Cade then gave his most mentally disturbed patient an injection of the same solution. The man responded so well that within days he was transferred to a normal hospital ward and was soon back at work. Other patients responded similarly and lithium therapy is now used all around the world to treat this mental condition.
How it works is still not known for certain, but it appears to prevent overproduction of a chemical messenger in the brain. Lithium is used commercially in various ways. Lithium oxide goes into glass and glass ceramics.
Lithium metal goes into alloys with magnesium and aluminium, and it improves their strength while making them lighter. Magnesium-lithium alloy is used in protective armour plating and aluminium-lithium reduces the weight of aircraft thereby saving fuel. Lithium stearate, made by reacting stearic acid with lithium hydroxide, is an all-purpose high-temperature grease and most greases contain it.
It will even work well at temperatures as low as o C and has been used for vehicles in the Antarctic. Lithium batteries, which operate at 3-volts or more, are used in devices where compactness and lightness are all-important. They are implanted to supply the electrical energy for heart pacemakers. They function with lithium as the anode, iodine as the solid electrolyte, and manganese oxide as the cathode - and they have a lifespan of ten years.
This longevity has been extended to lithium batteries of the more common 1. Lithium is a soft, silvery-white, metal that heads group 1, the alkali metals group, of the periodic table of the elements. Storing it is a problem. It cannot be kept under oil, as sodium can, because it is less dense and floats.
So it is stored by being coated with petroleum jelly. Somewhat surprisingly it does not react with oxygen unless heated to o C, but it will react with nitrogen from the atmosphere to form a red-brown compound lithium nitride, Li 3 N. The hydrogen of hydrogen bombs is actually the compound lithium hydride, in which the lithium is the lithium-6 isotope and the hydrogen is the hydrogen-2 isotope deuterium.
This compound is capable of releasing massive amounts of energy from the neutrons released by the atomic bomb at its core. These are absorbed by the nuclei of lithium-6 which immediately disintegrates to form helium and hydrogen-3 which then go on to form other elements and as they do the bomb explodes with the force of millions of tonnes of TNT.
Matt Wilkinson on the extraordinary virtues of element number 3, Lithium. Next time to one of the universe's rarer chemicals and horribly toxic though it is, without it we'd be the proverbial particle short of a nucleus.
James Chadwick in discovered the neutron by bombarding a Beryllium sample with the alpha rays eminating from radium. He observed that the beryllium emitted a new kind of sub-atomic particle which had mass but no charge, the neutron and the combination of radium and beryllium is still used to make neutrons for research purposes, although a million alpha-particles only manage to produce 30 neutrons.
So that goes to show that sometimes a lot can only go a little way. Richard Van Noorden will be here with the story of Beryllium on next week's Chemistry in its Element, I hope you can join us. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening and goodbye. Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists. There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld.
Click here to view videos about Lithium. View videos about. Help Text. Learn Chemistry : Your single route to hundreds of free-to-access chemistry teaching resources.
We hope that you enjoy your visit to this Site. We welcome your feedback. Data W. Haynes, ed. Version 1. Coursey, D. Schwab, J. Tsai, and R. Dragoset, Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions version 4. Periodic Table of Videos , accessed December Podcasts Produced by The Naked Scientists. Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. Explore all elements. Explosion: Risk of fire and explosion on contact with combustible substances and water.
Inhalation: Burning sensation. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. Symptoms may be delayed. Skin: Redness. Skin burns. Eyes: Redness. Severe deep burns.
Ingestion: Abdominal cramps. Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Shock or collapse. Effects of short-term exposure : The substance is corrosive to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation of the substance may cause lung oedema. The symptoms of lung oedema often do not become manifest until a few hours have passed and they are aggravated by physical effort.
Rest and medical observation is therefore essential. Routes of exposure : The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
Chemical dangers: Heating may cause violent combustion or explosion.
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