Some are more common than others. The rarest blood group type is AB negative. These are the main types. Within the eight main groups, are there also many lesser-known and less common blood types. O negative blood contains no A, B, or RhD antigens. Almost anyone with any blood type can receive these red blood cells. A person with group O negative blood is a universal donor. The rules for plasma are the opposite of those for Rh.
A universal plasma donor will have type AB blood. Before a person receives donated blood, doctors will check that this blood is compatible. Giving someone the wrong blood type can lead to potentially life-threatening reactions and complications. If someone with group B antigen receives red blood cells from someone with group A antigen, their body will launch an immune response and reject the transfusion.
This can lead to blood clots, which can obstruct blood vessels. If they break, hemoglobin can leak out, and this can be toxic. Other possible adverse effects include allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.
In some cases, the body can cope, but others can be life-threatening. Some reactions occur at once, while others can take up to 28 days to appear. In addition, blood can sometimes contain unexpected antibodies, viruses, or parasites. Doctors and other specialists conduct stringent testing and screening before a person can receive donated blood, plasma, or other blood products.
Learn more about the benefits and risks of donating blood and the side effects and risk of donating plasma. If two parents have different blood types, the mother will not necessarily have the same blood type or Rh factor as the child. If the mother has Rh-negative blood, and the child has Rh-positive, this can pose a risk during pregnancy and delivery. In some cases, severe jaundice can result, and possibly brain damage. An injection of anti-RhD immune globulin G can help prevent the mother from producing this antibody and reduce the impact of a sensitizing event on the fetus.
If a woman has Rh-negative blood, a doctor may administer anti-D immunoglobulin at 28 weeks and 34 weeks as a preventive measure, according to the World Health Organization WHO. Each substance will contain A antibodies, B antibodies, or Rh factor. The antibodies will cause a different reaction in each case.
If the blood is incompatible, it will clump. The ABO system is the best known way of classifying blood types. This is why group A blood must never be given to someone who has group B blood and vice versa. As group O red blood cells do not have any A or B antigens, it can safely be given to any other group. Red blood cells sometimes have another antigen, a protein known as the RhD antigen.
If this is present, your blood group is RhD positive. If it's absent, your blood group is RhD negative. In most cases, O RhD negative blood O- can safely be given to anyone.
It's often used in medical emergencies when the blood type is not immediately known. It's safe for most recipients because it does not have any A, B or RhD antigens on the surface of the cells, and is compatible with every other ABO and RhD blood group. To work out your blood group, your red cells are mixed with different antibody solutions. If, for example, the solution contains anti-B antibodies and you have B antigens on your cells you're blood group B , it will clump together.
If the blood does not react to any of the anti-A or anti-B antibodies, it's blood group O. A series of tests with different types of antibody can be used to identify your blood group. If you have a blood transfusion — where blood is taken from one person and given to another — your blood will be tested against a sample of donor cells that contain ABO and RhD antigens.
Pregnant women are always given a blood group test. Type O blood is required and must be available in inventory for newborn babies and emergency patients.
O- is found in six percent of the population. In the United States, less than four percent have this type of blood. Patients who have AB negative blood can receive red blood cells from all negative blood types. This setting allows you to view available services and providers associated with your preferred location. You can change this setting at any time. Search MemorialCare. MyChart arrow-right. Contact Us arrow-right. Schedule an Appointment arrow-right.
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