Structured data. Captions English Lord Curzon. Summary [ edit ] Description George Curzon2. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. Its author is unknown most likely an employee o.
You cannot overwrite this file. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on ar. Structured data Items portrayed in this file depicts. George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston. Hansard — Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom. Member of the House of Lords. Hansard — ID. Lord Privy Seal. David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford. Wikimedia import URL. Chancellor of the University of Oxford. President of the Royal Geographical Society.
Royal Society. Royal Geographical Society. Balliol College. Eton College. Wixenford School. Fellow of the Royal Society. George Littledale. Gold Medal Recipients. Royal Victorian Chain. Order of the Garter. Order of the Star of India. Fellow of the British Academy. Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire. Hubert von Herkomer. Nordisk familjebok. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary.
Obalky knih. Curzon, George Nathaniel, Lord. Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, — Curzon, Hon. George Nathaniel. Commons gallery. Commons Creator page. Commons category. Wikimedia Commons. International Standard Name Identifier. GND ID. Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. National Library of Greece ID. Library of Congress authority ID. CiNii author ID books.
Libraries Australia ID. English Wikisource. Nationale Thesaurus voor Auteurs ID. Portuguese National Library ID. SI ID. IdRef ID. Cristen, Marie French Wikipedia. His maiden speech, which was chiefly an attack on home rule and Irish nationalism, was regarded in much the same way as his oratory at the Oxford Union: brilliant and eloquent but also presumptuous and rather too self-assured.
Subsequent performances in the Commons, often dealing with Ireland or reform of the House of Lords which he supported , received similar verdicts. In the meantime he had travelled around the world: Russia and Central Asia —89 , a long tour of Persia September — January , Siam, French Indochina and Korea , and a daring foray into Afghanistan and the Pamirs He published several books describing central and eastern Asia and related policy issues. A bold and compulsive traveller, fascinated by oriental life and geography, he was awarded the Patron's Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his exploration of the source of the Amu Darya Oxus.
His journeys allowed him to study the problems of Asia and their implications for British India, whilst reinforcing his pride in his nation and her imperial mission. Curzon believed Russia to be the most likely threat to India, Britain's most valuable colony, from the 19th century through the early 20th century.
In Russia had begun construction of the Transcaspian Railroad along the Silk Road, officially solely to enforce local control. Curzon dedicated an entire chapter in his book Russia in Central Asia to discussing the perceived threat to British control of India. This railroad connected Russia with the most wealthy and influential cities in Central Asia at the time, including the Persian province of Khorasan, and would allow the rapid deployment of Russian supplies and troops into the area.
Curzon also believed that the resulting greater economic interdependence between Russia and Central Asia would be damaging to British interests. Persia and the Persian Question, written in , has been considered Curzon's magnum opus and can be seen as a sequel to Russia in Central Asia. Curzon was commissioned by The Times to write several articles on the Persian political environment, but while there he decided to write a book on the country as whole.
This two-volume work covers Persia's history and governmental structure, as well as graphics, maps and pictures some taken by Curzon himself. Curzon was aided by General Albert Houtum-Schindler and the Royal Geographical Society RGS , both of which helped him gain access to material to which as a foreigner he would not have been entitled to have access. General Schindler provided Curzon with information regarding Persia's geography and resources, as well as serving as an unofficial editor.
The map which accompanied the volumes was the product of RGS, but was later pointed out as inaccurate according to British officials as it depicted the islands near the Straits of Hormuz Sirri, Abu Musa, and the Tunbs as belonging to the Persians. Curzon was appalled by his government's apathy towards Persia as a valuable defensive buffer to India from Russian encroachment. Years later Curzon would lament that "Persia has alternatively advanced and receded in the estimation of British statesmen, occupying now a position of extravagant prominence, anon one of unmerited obscurity.
She had a long and nearly fatal illness near the end of summer , from which she never really recovered. Falling ill again in July , she died on the 18th of that month in her husband's arms, at the age of It was the greatest personal loss of his life. She was buried in the church at Kedleston, where Curzon designed his memorial for her, a Gothic chapel added to the north side of the nave.
Although he was neither a devout nor a conventional churchman, Curzon retained a simple religious faith; in later years he sometimes said that he was not afraid of death because it would enable him to join Mary in heaven. They had three daughters during a firm and happy marriage: Mary Irene, who inherited her father's Barony of Ravensdale and was created a life peer in her own right; Cynthia, who became the first wife of politician Sir Oswald Mosley; and Alexandra Naldera "Baba" , who married Edward "Fruity" Metcalfe, the best friend, best man and equerry of Edward VIII.
Mosley exercised a strange fascination for the Curzon women: Irene had a brief romance with him before either were married; Baba became his mistress; and Curzon's second wife, Grace, had a long affair with him.
She was the wealthy Alabama-born widow of Alfredo Huberto Duggan died , a first-generation Irish Argentinian appointed to the Argentine Legation in London in Elinor Glyn was staying with Curzon at the time of the engagement, and read about it in the morning newspapers.
Grace had three children from her first marriage, two sons, Alfred and Hubert, and a daughter, Grace Lucille. Alfred and Hubert, as Curzon's step-sons, grew up within his influential circle. Curzon had three daughters from his first marriage, but he and Grace despite fertility-related operations and several miscarriages did not have any children together, which put a strain on their marriage.
Letters written between them in the early s imply that they still lived together, and remained devoted to each other. In , Curzon was passed over for the office of Prime Minister partly on the advice of Arthur Balfour, who joked that Curzon "has lost the hope of glory but he still possesses the means of Grace". In January he was appointed Viceroy of India. This peerage was created in the Peerage of Ireland the last so created so that he would be free, until his father's death, to re-enter the House of Commons on his return to Britain.
Reaching India shortly after the suppression of the frontier risings of —98, he paid special attention to the independent tribes of the north-west frontier, inaugurated a new province called the North West Frontier Province, and pursued a policy of forceful control mingled with conciliation. The only major armed outbreak on this frontier during the period of his administration was the Mahsud—Waziri campaign of This led him to encourage British trade in Persia, and he paid a visit to the Persian Gulf in Curzon argued for an exclusive British presence in the Gulf, a policy originally proposed by John Malcolm.
Curzon had convinced his government to establish Britain as the unofficial protector of Kuwait with the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of The Lansdowne Declaration in stated that the British would counter any other European power's attempt to establish a military presence in the Gulf. Only four years later this position was abandoned and the Persian Gulf declared a neutral zone in the Anglo-Russian Agreement of , prompted in part by the high economic cost of defending India from Russian advances.
At the end of , Curzon sent a British expedition to Tibet under Francis Younghusband, ostensibly to forestall a Russian advance. After bloody conflicts with Tibet's poorly armed defenders, the mission penetrated to Lhasa, where a treaty was signed in September No Russian presence was found in Lhasa. During his tenure, Curzon undertook the restoration of the Taj Mahal, and expressed satisfaction that he had done so. Within India, Curzon appointed a number of commissions to inquire into education, irrigation, police and other branches of administration, on whose reports legislation was based during his second term of office as viceroy.
Reappointed Governor-General in August , he presided over the partition of Bengal, which roused such bitter opposition among the people of the province that it was later revoked Curzon also took an active interest in military matters. The ICC was a corps d'elite, designed to give Indian princes and aristocrats military training, after which a few would be given officer commissions in the Indian Army.
But these commissions were "special commissions" which did not empower their holders to command any troops. Predictably, this was a major stumbling block to the ICC's success, as it caused much resentment among former cadets. Though the ICC closed in , it was a crucial stage in the drive to Indianise the Indian Army's officer Corps, which was haltingly begun in Military organisation proved to be the final issue faced by Curzon in India.
A difference of opinion with Kitchener, regarding the status of the military member of the council in India who controlled army supply and logistics, which Kitchener wanted under his own control , led to a controversy in which Curzon failed to obtain the support of the home government.
He resigned in August and returned to England. A major famine coincided with Curzon's time as viceroy in which 1 to 4. Large parts of India were affected and millions died, and Curzon has been criticised for allegedly having done little to fight the famine.
Curzon did implement a variety of measures, including opening up famine relief works that fed between 3 and 5 million, reducing taxes and spending vast amounts of money on irrigation works. But he also stated that "any government which imperiled the financial position of India in the interests of prodigal philanthropy would be open to serious criticism; but any government which by indiscriminate alms-giving weakened the fibre and demoralized the self-reliance of the population, would be guilty of a public crime.
Arthur Balfour's refusal to recommend an earldom for Curzon in was repeated by Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the Liberal Prime Minister, who formed his government the day after Curzon returned to England. In deference to the wishes of the king and the advice of his doctors, Curzon did not stand in the general election of and thus found himself excluded from public life for the first time in twenty years.
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